Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies. Caving also known as spelunking in the united states and canada and potholing in the united kingdom and ireland is the recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems as distinguished from show caves. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. The block model is discretized to blocks of a userdefined size. Forensic data carving manual methods investigators.
Ore extraction allows several drifts to be operated on the same sublevel. Cave mining techniques are the most popular methods for exploiting massive orebodies deep within the earth. In this method, an open stope stability is expressed in term s of two parameters. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore. Mechanised cave mining includes several variations of the method, including block, panel, incline and front caving. Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Underground mining methods glossary bolting drilling a hole, and inserting a bolt to strengthen the ceiling and walls of an underground mine crusher a machine used to crush ore before it is transported drift a horizontal underground tunnel that follows a vein or ore body. Gravity flow of broken rock in sublevel caving slc. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries.
Files with extension 3gp, jpeg, bmp, pdf are carved perfectly and hash values are matched. It can be used to form a nonslip loop in the middle of a line. Help scouts understand the importance of a caving expert. This is usually done by examining the header the first few bytes and footer the last few bytes of a file. There is no intention of imparting skills or knowledge to participants beyond that which is necessary to enable their safe participation in the caving activity. Sublevel caving is a highly efficient, topdown, underground bulk mining method. It relies on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mine induced stresses and. Mining methods the phenomenal rise in coal production, nearly sixfold in the past three decades, necessitated rapid but judicious mechanization of mining methods. Block caving is the mining method in which masses, panels, or blocks of ore are undercut to induce caving, permitting the broken ore to be.
Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing, parts i and ii, american association of state highway and transportation officials, washington, d. Sometimes, caving is referred to as spelunking, though its not as solid a name as caving, as ive explained here in a previous post. Once the production drifts have been excavated and reinforced, the opening rays and long hole drilling and ring patterns are completed. To optimize the production of clean ore and to minimize contamination by waste as well as ore losses, it is necessary to determine the optimum parameters of the slice. Previous caving experience to understand caving techniques, safety considerations, and equipment use. Reflecting the importance of ground support, underground mining methods are categorized in three classes on the basis of the extent of support required. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. Block and panel caving block caving is an underground mining method that uses gravity to exploit. It is only relatively recent that this mass mining method, despite 70. Sublevel caving is a mass mining method based upon the utilization of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock kvapil, 1998. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Among them, longwall top coal caving ltcc method gains the highest attention due to low development work.
Black diamond drilling services australia database. Drilling method drill rig type drilling date weather drillers name and inspectorhelper requirements listed in project and borehole location section 4. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are methods that usually can be applied under similar conditions. Help scouts understand white nose fungus and how to avoid spreading it. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Caving information troop meetings main event printable pdf file of meeting plans and ideas for caving objectives this months activities should. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. Caving of the rock mass is induced by undercutting the block. The method has evolved at each mine to meet the unique situations associated with their milling procedure. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal.
Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. A few swedish metalliferous mines operate sublevel caving already today at depths of over 700 m below ground level. You go in with your buddies and get to know every inch of the. The question whether sublevel caving is practicable even at greater depths below ground level has often been discussed. Cave mining methods will be the underground method of choice in the future. Investigation of top coal cavability and roof behavior. Is caving the same as the guided tour at the show cave park. Schematic layout for sublevel caving after hamrin, 1982. Underhand cut and fill mining methods are used at the lucky friday, stillwater, and galena mines in the western us in an effort to safely mine in difficult ground conditions and as a primary mining method where access below the ore is limited.
Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. The method offering the most reasonable and optimized combination of safe ty, economics, and mining recovery is then chosen. Both theoretical and practical points of view indicate a positive answer. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical evolution of the method condition deposit principles of the method methodology of block caving basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as that used by liu et al. Abstract goldex is a sublevel open stoping min near val dor in northe western quebec. Sublevel caving is a productive mining method where all of the ore is fragmented by blasting and the host rock in the hanging wall of the ore body caves.
Blasting starts at the uppermost sublevel at hanging wallblasting of fan breaks ore causing it to cave into the drift. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This is the fourth and completely revised edition of my original booklet, a guide to responsible caving. A guide to responsible caving indiana university bloomington. Caving mining method has been widely used in metal mines around the. Geotechnical analysis of gravity flow during block caving ramon verdugo professor of geotechnical engineer ing, university of chile, chile. Abstract block caving is a mining operation method where taking advantage of the gravity forces, the ore is fragmented. In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern.
The sublevel caving method is characterized by a gravity flow of lumpy material because both the blasted ore and the waste may contain large lumps of over 400 mm. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment. Although underground mining is a less environmentallydestructive means of gaining access to an ore deposit, it is often more costly. Addressing the challenges and future of cave mining. Block is the mining layout which divides the orebody into sections. Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. Recent developments in sublevel cave mining have advanced the understanding of the technique and its production performance, which allow it to now be considered as a highly viable alternative to open stoping and, in some cases, even to block caving. Draw control strategy for sublevel caving mines simple search. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Introduction the one ug mining method that has the potential to rival surface mining in output and cost is block caving.
While opencast operations are now fully mechanized employing large capacity earth moving equipment, introduction of machinery in underground workings has been gradual. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. As caving has proven to be a safe and effective mining method, its popularity has increased around the world. Geotechnical manual updates and drilling inspections. Caving models simulate cave flow for the lifeofmine of a caving operation for several outcomes such as recovery, dilution and production scheduling. Javier ubilla graduate student, rensselaer polytechnic institute, usa. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. File carving is the process of reconstructing files by scanning the raw bytes of the disk and reassembling them. Drifting the sublevels up to 20 percent can be recovered during development 2. A caving guide horizontal leads or guides dependent participants in caving activities.
Training in the use and maintenance of caving equipment including ropes, carabiners, slings, helmets, headlamps, etc. Block caving is a new alternative method of developing new mines or extending the operation of open pits. In general, cave mining refers to all underground mining techniques in which the orebody is undercut or drilled beneath the surface and is recovered as it falls. File carving is a great method for recovering files and fragments of files when directory entries are corrupt or missing.